The Vanadium Market Size accounted for USD 2.3 Billion in 2022 and is estimated to achieve a market size of USD 4.6 Billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 7.2% from 2023 to 2032.
Vanadium Market Highlights
- Global vanadium market revenue is poised to garner USD 4.6 billion by 2032 with a CAGR of 7.2% from 2023 to 2032
- Asia-Pacific vanadium market value occupied around USD 1.0 billion in 2022
- Europe vanadium market growth will record a CAGR of more than 8% from 2023 to 2032
- Among type, the vanadium pentoxide sub-segment generated over US$ 1.5 billion revenue in 2022
- Based on end-user, the automotive sub-segment generated around 35% share in 2022
- Collaborations for research to expand vanadium's applications in sustainable industries is a popular vanadium market trend that fuels the industry demand
The vanadium market, a key participant in several sectors, is showing promising growth. This versatile metal, which may be obtained through a variety of techniques including mining, is an important component in steel alloys and energy storage systems. Its demand is being pushed by rising government initiatives in energy generation, as well as a growing demand for vanadium-based alloys in construction and aerospace. Vanadium, as a manufacturing replacement, satisfies the growing demand for high-strength materials, particularly in wire production. Its significance in energy storage systems, such as vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), also contributes to its market dominance. Despite periodic price fluctuations caused by supply constraints, the market's trajectory remains strong, fueled by its pivotal position in key industries such as renewable energy and steel manufacturing.
Global Vanadium Market Dynamics
Market Drivers
- Increasing demand for high-strength steel alloys
- Rising government initiatives toward green energy solutions
- Expansion in aerospace and construction sectors
- Growing awareness of vanadium's potential as a substitute in manufacturing various high-performance products
Market Restraints
- Price volatility due to supply limitations and market fluctuations
- Reliance on mining for a significant portion of vanadium supply
- Regulatory challenges and environmental concerns surrounding mining practices
Market Opportunities
- Advancements in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) for efficient energy storage solutions
- Increasing applications in emerging technologies like 5G infrastructure
- Exploration of recycling processes to mitigate supply constraints
Vanadium Market Report Coverage
Market |
Vanadium Market
|
Vanadium Market Size 2022 |
USD 2.3 Billion |
Vanadium Market Forecast 2032 |
USD 4.6 Billion |
Vanadium Market CAGR During 2023 - 2032 |
7.2% |
Vanadium Market Analysis Period |
2020 - 2032 |
Vanadium Market Base Year
|
2022 |
Vanadium Market Forecast Data |
2023 - 2032 |
Segments Covered |
By Type, By Grade Type, By Application, By End-User, And By Geography
|
Regional Scope |
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa |
Key Companies Profiled |
Australian Vanadium Limited, Bushveld Minerals, EVRAZ, Largo Inc, VanadiumCorp Resource Inc, AMG, China Ansteel Group Corporation Limited, Glencore, HBIS GROUP, Treibacher Industrie AG, Tremond Metals Corp, Yilmaden, JAYESH INDUSTRIES LTD., Core Metals LLC.
|
Report Coverage
|
Market Trends, Drivers, Restraints, Competitive Analysis, Player Profiling, Covid-19 Analysis, Regulation Analysis |
Vanadium Market Insights
The global vanadium market is poised for substantial growth, obtained through diverse production methods. A significant portion of vanadium is acquired through mining. Factors driving this market include amplified government initiatives towards energy generation and a rising need for wires and various alloys. The market is rapidly expanding due to governmental incentives promoting green energy generation. Vanadium serves as a potential substitute for metals in wire manufacturing, witnessing escalated demand owing to rising energy prices and heightened concerns regarding energy consumption and emissions. This surge in demand is significantly propelling the market's growth trajectory.
However, being rare metal, continuous price fluctuations may hinder market growth. In recent year, vanadium prices spiked dramatically as the market moved into a structural deficit. Capacity reductions, diminishing global inventories and the introduction of new rebar regulations in China have affected metal pricing globally.
Vanadium market dynamics showcase its significant role in the energy sector, notably in battery technology, where vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are gaining traction due to their energy storage capabilities. Furthermore, advancements in steel manufacturing, especially for high-strength steel production, heavily rely on vanadium alloys, driving demand. The market's vulnerability to price fluctuations due to supply constraints remains a critical challenge, impacting its widespread adoption in various industries. Additionally, the ongoing research and development in vanadium-based technologies and the metal's applications in renewable energy sources are poised to reshape the market landscape.
Vanadium Market Segmentation
The worldwide market for vanadium is split based on type, grade type, application, end-user, and geography.
Vanadium Types
- Vanadium Chemicals
- Vanadium Pentoxide
- Vanadium Ferrovanadium
- Aluminium-Vanadium Alloys
- Others
Vanadium pentoxide's market dominance stems from its diverse applications in industries like steel and energy storage, fostering high demand as a critical precursor for alloys and catalysts. Its pivotal role in high-strength steel and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) amplifies its sway. Vanadium industry analysis underscores this, particularly with VRFBs gaining traction in renewable energy, elevating the continual demand for vanadium pentoxide in battery manufacturing. This sustained necessity positions vanadium pentoxide at the forefront of the vanadium market, reflecting its significant market share and continued growth prospects.
Vanadium Grade Types
FeV80 commands the largest market share owing to its higher vanadium concentration, preferred for alloy production. With an 80% vanadium composition, it enhances alloy strength and durability, meeting stringent industrial standards, particularly in steel manufacturing. The vanadium market forecast indicates sustained growth for FeV80 due to its ability to significantly improve steel properties. As demand rises for high-strength steel in various industries, FeV80's dominance in the vanadium alloy grades market is projected to persist, reflecting its integral role and anticipated continuous market expansion.
Vanadium Applications
- Iron & Steel
- Energy Storage
- Chemical
- Titanium Alloys
The iron & steel segment's dominance in the vanadium market is underscored by the metal's pivotal role in enhancing steel properties. Vanadium's incorporation into steel results in stronger, more durable alloys used across construction, manufacturing, and infrastructure. Its capacity to augment steel strength and toughness without compromising flexibility makes it highly coveted across various sectors. Given steel's foundational importance in construction and manufacturing, the consistent demand for vanadium within the Iron & Steel segment cements its market leadership. Vanadium industry analysis affirms this trend, projecting sustained reliance on vanadium for enhancing steel properties, ensuring its continued dominance in the market.
Vanadium End-Users
- Automotive
- Chemical
- Energy Storage
- Others
The automotive industry dominates the vanadium market due to the metal's critical role in the production of high-strength steel for cars. Steel is strengthened by vanadium, resulting in lighter, stronger, and more resilient alloys that fulfil strict safety and efficiency standards in automotive applications. As manufacturers prioritise lightweight yet durable materials to improve vehicle performance and safety, the prognosis suggests a continuous demand for vanadium in the production of high-strength steel for autos, cementing its market dominance in this segment.
Vanadium Market Regional Outlook
North America
Europe
- U.K.
- Germany
- France
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
Asia-Pacific
- India
- Japan
- China
- Australia
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Rest of Latin America
The Middle East & Africa
- South Africa
- GCC Countries
- Rest of the Middle East & Africa (ME&A)
Vanadium Market Regional Analysis
Geographically, the global vanadium market is segmented into North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India, South America, and the Middle East and Africa.
Europe is estimated to be the fastest-growing region during the forecast period, driven by the lack of electricity in rural areas in emerging economies. The increasing investments by manufacturers, a well-developed manufacturing sector, and low labor costs in this region propel the market in Europe. In Europe market there is presence of huge manufacturers.
Europe is experiencing healthy growth during the forecast period. Proper government schemes, including feed-in tariffs (FIT) and financial support, are driving the market in this region. Investments by energy generation manufacturers, coupled with increasing demand for wires and chemicals from the energy sector, will propel the vanadium market's growth.
Asia-Pacific is expected to hold the major share of market growth due to the increasing demand for vanadium from various sectors, a well-developed industrial sector, and growing government support. The demand is mainly increasing because of the rising energy demand from industrial facilities, including refining, metals, chemicals, paper, and commercial facilities. The China and Japan are expected to hold the major share in the Asia-Pacific market.
LAMEA is expected to witness steady growth due to poor economic conditions and less government support.
Vanadium Market Players
Some of the top vanadium companies offered in our report includes Australian Vanadium Limited, Bushveld Minerals, EVRAZ, Largo Inc, VanadiumCorp Resource Inc, AMG, China Ansteel Group Corporation Limited, Glencore, HBIS GROUP, Treibacher Industrie AG, Tremond Metals Corp, Yilmaden, JAYESH INDUSTRIES LTD., and Core Metals LLC.
CHAPTER 1. Industry Overview of Vanadium Market
1.1. Definition and Scope
1.1.1. Definition of Vanadium
1.1.2. Market Segmentation
1.1.3. Years Considered for the Study
1.1.4. Assumptions and Acronyms Used
1.1.4.1. Market Assumptions and Market Forecast
1.1.4.2. Acronyms Used in Global Vanadium Market
1.2. Summary
1.2.1. Executive Summary
1.2.2. Vanadium Market By Type
1.2.3. Vanadium Market By Grade Type
1.2.4. Vanadium Market By Application
1.2.5. Vanadium Market By End-User
1.2.6. Vanadium Market By Region
CHAPTER 2. Research Approach
2.1. Methodology
2.1.1. Research Programs
2.1.2. Market Size Estimation
2.1.3. Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
2.2. Data Source
2.2.1. Secondary Sources
2.2.2. Primary Sources
CHAPTER 3. Market Dynamics And Competition Analysis
3.1. Market Drivers
3.1.1. Driver 1
3.1.2. Driver 2
3.2. Restraints and Challenges
3.2.1. Restraint 1
3.2.2. Restraint 2
3.3. Growth Opportunities
3.3.1. Opportunity 1
3.3.2. Opportunity 2
3.4. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
3.4.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.4.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.4.3. Threat of Substitute
3.4.4. Threat of New Entrants
3.4.5. Degree of Competition
3.5. Market Concentration Ratio and Market Maturity Analysis of Vanadium Market
3.5.1. Go To Market Strategy
3.5.1.1. Introduction
3.5.1.2. Growth
3.5.1.3. Maturity
3.5.1.4. Saturation
3.5.1.5. Possible Development
3.6. Technological Roadmap for Vanadium Market
3.7. Value Chain Analysis
3.7.1. List of Key Manufacturers
3.7.2. List of Customers
3.7.3. Level of Integration
3.8. Cost Structure Analysis
3.8.1. Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
3.8.2. Raw Material Suppliers
3.8.3. Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
3.8.3.1. Raw Material
3.8.3.2. Labor Cost
3.8.3.3. Manufacturing Expense
3.9. Regulatory Compliance
3.10. Competitive Landscape, 2022
3.10.1. Player Positioning Analysis
3.10.2. Key Strategies Adopted By Leading Players
CHAPTER 4. Manufacturing Plant Analysis
4.1. Manufacturing Plant Location and Establish Date of Major Manufacturers in 2022
4.2. R&D Status of Major Manufacturers in 2022
CHAPTER 5. Vanadium Market By Type
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Vanadium Revenue By Type
5.2.1. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast, By Type, 2020-2032
5.2.2. Vanadium Chemicals
5.2.2.1. Vanadium Chemicals Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.3. Vanadium Pentoxide
5.2.3.1. Vanadium Pentoxide Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.4. Vanadium Ferrovanadium
5.2.4.1. Vanadium Ferrovanadium Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.5. Aluminium-Vanadium Alloys
5.2.5.1. Aluminium-Vanadium Alloys Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.6. Others
5.2.6.1. Others Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
CHAPTER 6. Vanadium Market By Grade Type
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Vanadium Revenue By Grade Type
6.2.1. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast, By Grade Type, 2020-2032
6.2.2. FeV40
6.2.2.1. FeV40 Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
6.2.3. FeV50
6.2.3.1. FeV50 Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
6.2.4. FeV60
6.2.4.1. FeV60 Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
6.2.5. FeV80
6.2.5.1. FeV80 Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
CHAPTER 7. Vanadium Market By Application
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Vanadium Revenue By Application
7.2.1. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast, By Application, 2020-2032
7.2.2. Iron & Steel
7.2.2.1. Iron & Steel Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
7.2.3. Energy Storage
7.2.3.1. Energy Storage Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
7.2.4. Chemical
7.2.4.1. Chemical Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
7.2.5. Titanium Alloys
7.2.5.1. Titanium Alloys Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
CHAPTER 8. Vanadium Market By End-User
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Vanadium Revenue By End-User
8.2.1. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast, By End-User, 2020-2032
8.2.2. Automotive
8.2.2.1. Automotive Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
8.2.3. Chemical
8.2.3.1. Chemical Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
8.2.4. Energy Storage
8.2.4.1. Energy Storage Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
8.2.5. Others
8.2.5.1. Others Market Revenue (USD Billion) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
CHAPTER 9. North America Vanadium Market By Country
9.1. North America Vanadium Market Overview
9.2. U.S.
9.2.1. U.S. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
9.2.2. U.S. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
9.2.3. U.S. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
9.2.4. U.S. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
9.3. Canada
9.3.1. Canada Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
9.3.2. Canada Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
9.3.3. Canada Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
9.3.4. Canada Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
9.4. North America PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 10. Europe Vanadium Market By Country
10.1. Europe Vanadium Market Overview
10.2. U.K.
10.2.1. U.K. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
10.2.2. U.K. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
10.2.3. U.K. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
10.2.4. U.K. Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
10.3. Germany
10.3.1. Germany Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
10.3.2. Germany Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
10.3.3. Germany Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
10.3.4. Germany Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
10.4. France
10.4.1. France Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
10.4.2. France Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
10.4.3. France Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
10.4.4. France Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
10.5. Spain
10.5.1. Spain Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
10.5.2. Spain Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
10.5.3. Spain Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
10.5.4. Spain Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
10.6. Rest of Europe
10.6.1. Rest of Europe Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
10.6.2. Rest of Europe Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
10.6.3. Rest of Europe Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
10.6.4. Rest of Europe Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
10.7. Europe PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 11. Asia Pacific Vanadium Market By Country
11.1. Asia Pacific Vanadium Market Overview
11.2. China
11.2.1. China Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
11.2.2. China Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
11.2.3. China Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
11.2.4. China Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
11.3. Japan
11.3.1. Japan Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
11.3.2. Japan Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
11.3.3. Japan Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
11.3.4. Japan Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
11.4. India
11.4.1. India Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
11.4.2. India Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
11.4.3. India Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
11.4.4. India Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
11.5. Australia
11.5.1. Australia Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
11.5.2. Australia Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
11.5.3. Australia Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
11.5.4. Australia Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
11.6. South Korea
11.6.1. South Korea Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
11.6.2. South Korea Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
11.6.3. South Korea Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
11.6.4. South Korea Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
11.7. Rest of Asia-Pacific
11.7.1. Rest of Asia-Pacific Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
11.7.2. Rest of Asia-Pacific Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
11.7.3. Rest of Asia-Pacific Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
11.7.4. Rest of Asia-Pacific Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
11.8. Asia Pacific PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 12. Latin America Vanadium Market By Country
12.1. Latin America Vanadium Market Overview
12.2. Brazil
12.2.1. Brazil Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
12.2.2. Brazil Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
12.2.3. Brazil Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
12.2.4. Brazil Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
12.3. Mexico
12.3.1. Mexico Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
12.3.2. Mexico Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
12.3.3. Mexico Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
12.3.4. Mexico Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
12.4. Rest of Latin America
12.4.1. Rest of Latin America Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
12.4.2. Rest of Latin America Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
12.4.3. Rest of Latin America Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
12.4.4. Rest of Latin America Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
12.5. Latin America PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 13. Middle East & Africa Vanadium Market By Country
13.1. Middle East & Africa Vanadium Market Overview
13.2. GCC
13.2.1. GCC Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
13.2.2. GCC Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
13.2.3. GCC Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
13.2.4. GCC Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
13.3. South Africa
13.3.1. South Africa Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
13.3.2. South Africa Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
13.3.3. South Africa Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
13.3.4. South Africa Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
13.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa
13.4.1. Rest of Middle East & Africa Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
13.4.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Grade Type, 2020-2032
13.4.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
13.4.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa Vanadium Revenue (USD Billion) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
13.5. Middle East & Africa PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 14. Player Analysis Of Vanadium Market
14.1. Vanadium Market Company Share Analysis
14.2. Competition Matrix
14.2.1. Competitive Benchmarking of key players by price, presence, market share, and R&D investment
14.2.2. New Product Launches and Product Enhancements
14.2.3. Mergers And Acquisition In Global Vanadium Market
14.2.4. Partnership, Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances/ Sales Agreements
CHAPTER 15. Company Profile
15.1. Australian Vanadium Limited
15.1.1. Company Snapshot
15.1.2. Business Overview
15.1.3. Financial Overview
15.1.3.1. Revenue (USD Billion), 2022
15.1.3.2. Australian Vanadium Limited 2022 Vanadium Business Regional Distribution
15.1.4. Product /Service and Specification
15.1.5. Recent Developments & Business Strategy
15.2. Bushveld Minerals
15.3. EVRAZ
15.4. Largo Inc
15.5. VanadiumCorp Resource Inc
15.6. AMG
15.7. China Ansteel Group Corporation Limited
15.8. Glencore
15.9. HBIS GROUP
15.10. Treibacher Industrie AG
15.11. Tremond Metals Corp
15.12. Yilmaden
15.13. JAYESH INDUSTRIES LTD.
15.14. Core Metals LLC.