The global Polyvinyl Chloride Market size was valued at USD 42.6 Billion in 2022 and is projected to attain USD 68.5 Billion by 2032 mounting at a CAGR of 4.9% from 2023 to 2032.
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Highlights
- Global polyvinyl chloride market revenue is poised to garner USD 68.5 billion by 2032 with a CAGR of 4.9% from 2023 to 2032
- Asia-Pacific polyvinyl chloride market value occupied around USD 17.4 billion in 2022
- Asia-Pacific polyvinyl chloride market growth will record a CAGR of more than 5% from 2023 to 2032
- Among types, the rigid sub-segment occupied over US$ 30.2 billion revenue in 2022
- Based on application, the pipes and fittings sub-segment gathered around 28% share in 2022
- Innovation in PVC formulations for niche markets is a popular polyvinyl chloride market trend that drives the industry demand
PVC, or polyvinyl chloride, is a flexible synthetic polymer made from vinyl chloride monomers. It is one of the most frequently used thermoplastics in the world, with several uses in a variety of sectors. The versatility, affordability, and durability of PVC contribute to its appeal.
PVC is widely used in the construction and building industries. Because of its corrosion resistance and extended lifespan, PVC pipes and fittings are commonly used for water supply, drainage systems, and sewage pipelines. PVC is also used in the manufacture of window frames, doors, and roofing materials since it is a low-cost and weather-resistant material.
PVC is used in the automobile industry for both interior and exterior components such as dashboard panels, seat covers, and wire insulation. Its versatility, simplicity of processing, and flame retardancy make it a popular choice in this business.
PVC is also used extensively in the healthcare industry. Because of its biocompatibility and chemical resistance, it is utilized in medical devices such as IV tubing, blood bags, and surgical gloves. PVC is also utilized in a variety of consumer items, such as vinyl flooring, inflatable toys, and vinyl records.
While PVC has many advantages, it has come under fire for its environmental impact due to worries about the leakage of chlorine gas during manufacture and the persistence of PVC in landfills. Recycling and sustainable manufacturing practices are being used to reduce the company's environmental imprint. Despite these problems, PVC remains an important material in a variety of applications due to its low cost and adaptability.
Global Polyvinyl Chloride Market Dynamics
Market Drivers
- Growing demand for PVC in construction and infrastructure projects
- Rising use of PVC in automotive applications
- Advancements in PVC manufacturing technology
- Increasing PVC adoption in healthcare products
Market Restraints
- Environmental concerns over PVC's production and disposal
- Competition from alternative materials like HDPE and PEX
- Regulatory restrictions on PVC usage in certain applications
- Fluctuations in PVC raw material prices
Market Opportunities
- Expansion of PVC usage in electrical and electronic applications
- Developing markets in Asia-Pacific and Latin America
- PVC recycling and sustainability initiatives
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Report Coverage
Market |
Polyvinyl Chloride Market
|
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Size 2022 |
USD 42.6 Billion |
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Forecast 2032 |
USD 68.5 Billion |
Polyvinyl Chloride Market CAGR During 2023 - 2032 |
4.9% |
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Analysis Period |
2020 - 2032 |
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Base Year |
2022 |
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Forecast Data |
2023 - 2032 |
Segments Covered |
By Type, By Application, By End-User, And By Geography
|
Regional Scope |
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa |
Key Companies Profiled |
ChemChina, Finolex Industries Ltd., Formosa Plastics, INOVYN, Mexichem S.A.B. de C.V., Occidental Petroleum Corporation, PolyOne Corporation, SCG Chemicals Co. Ltd., Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd., and Westlake Chemical Corporation.
|
Report Coverage
|
Market Trends, Drivers, Restraints, Competitive Analysis, Player Profiling, Covid-19 Analysis, Regulation Analysis |
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Insights
The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) market is dynamic, impacted by a variety of drivers, constraints, and opportunities. The thriving building and infrastructure industry is one of the primary forces fueling the PVC market's expansion. Because of its low cost, durability, and resistance to corrosion, PVC is a popular material for pipes, fittings, and other building components. As global urbanization and infrastructure development continue, demand for PVC in building applications remains strong.
Another motivator is the growing usage of PVC in the automobile sector. Because of its flexibility, PVC is suited for a wide range of vehicle components, including interior trims, wire insulation, and external elements. PVC is finding new applications in electric cars and lightweight components as the automotive industry continues to develop and expand.
PVC manufacturing process technological advances also help to market expansion. Innovations in manufacturing processes increase the quality of PVC while lowering its environmental effect, making it a more sustainable alternative. Furthermore, because to its biocompatibility and chemical resistance, PVC is increasingly being used in healthcare items such as medical equipment and pharmaceutical packaging.
However, the PVC industry is constrained by a number of factors, including environmental concerns. PVC manufacture and disposal can result in the discharge of chlorine gas and the generation of hazardous waste, generating environmental concerns. This has resulted in governmental limits on the use of PVC in particular applications, as well as requests for more sustainable business practices.
Another difficulty is competition from other materials such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and cross-linked polyethylene (PEX). These polymers have distinct benefits in specific applications, threatening PVC's market dominance.
Nonetheless, possibilities to remedy these issues exist. As technology advances, PVC's use in electrical and electronic applications may increase. Untapped potential for PVC demand exists in developing economies such as Asia-Pacific and Latin America. Sustainability activities such as PVC recycling and ecologically friendly formulations can boost its appeal in environmentally sensitive consumers. Furthermore, constant innovation in PVC formulations suited for particular applications assures that this flexible polymer has a bright future. Overall, the PVC industry is dynamic, with a variety of variables shaping its growth trajectory.
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Segmentation
The worldwide market for polyvinyl chloride is split based on type, application, end-user, and geography.
Polyvinyl Chloride PVC Market Types
Rigid PVC is the dominant segment among kinds, according to a polyvinyl chloride industry analysis. Rigid PVC is widely utilised in pipes, fittings, window frames, doors, and numerous building components. Its exceptional strength, chemical resistance, and longevity make it ideal for these applications. For example, rigid PVC pipes are commonly utilised in water supply and drainage systems. Rigid PVC has always enjoyed a significant market position in the building and infrastructure industries.
Flexible PVC, on the other hand, is popular due to its adaptability and pliability, making it appropriate for a wide range of applications such as electrical cables, healthcare items (IV tubing, blood bags), vehicle interiors, and a wide range of consumer goods. Flexible PVC has a substantial market share and is regarded dominant in many industries due to its unique features.
Other specialised PVC formulations and kinds are also employed in specialist applications. These "other" PVC kinds address special criteria, such as high performance or environmental concerns. These specialised PVC variants have a lesser market share but are critical for certain applications.
Polyvinyl Chloride PVC Market Applications
- Pipes and Fittings
- Film and Sheets
- Wire and Cables
- Bottles
- Profiles, Hoses and Tubings
- Others
One of the most common applications for PVC has been pipes and fittings. This is especially true in the building and infrastructure industries, where PVC pipes are commonly used for water supply, drainage, and sewage systems because to their longevity, corrosion resistance, and low cost. PVC pipes and fittings have historically accounted for a sizable percentage of the PVC market.
It is crucial to note, however, that the dominance of PVC applications might alter over time due to variables such as technical improvements, market trends, and regulatory changes. For example, demand for PVC in wire and cable applications, automotive components, and healthcare items such as medical tubing and blood bags has been gradually increasing, which may have an influence on market dynamics.
Polyvinyl Chloride PVC Market End-Users
- Automotive
- Building and Construction
- Electrical and Electronics
- Packaging
- Footwear
- Healthcare
- Others
According to the polyvinyl chloride market forecast, the building and construction industry is expected to dominate the PVC market from 2023 to 2032. PVC is frequently utilised in construction for a variety of applications including pipes and fittings, window profiles, roofing materials, and structural components. Its appeal in the construction industry stems from its low cost, durability, and corrosion resistance.
However, PVC end-user dominance varies by area and market conditions. PVC, for example, is frequently used in the car industry for interior and exterior components such as dashboard panels, seat covers, and wire insulation. Because of its electrical insulating characteristics, PVC is used in the electrical and electronics industries for cable insulation and wiring.
The healthcare industry is another major PVC end-user, since PVC is used in the manufacture of medical instruments, pharmaceutical packaging, and healthcare items such as IV tubing and blood bags. PVC is also used in packaging, footwear, and a variety of other consumer and industrial items.
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Regional Segmentation
North America
Europe
- U.K.
- Germany
- France
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
Asia-Pacific
- India
- Japan
- China
- Australia
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Rest of Latin America
The Middle East & Africa
- South Africa
- GCC Countries
- Rest of the Middle East & Africa (ME&A)
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Regional Analysis
The Asia-Pacific region has been a dominant force in the global PVC industry for many years. Rapid urbanization, population expansion, and vigorous construction and infrastructure development in China, India, and Southeast Asian countries have spurred demand for PVC pipes, fittings, and building materials. The rise of the automobile industry, as well as the rising electrical and electronics sector, has all contributed to the region's robust PVC market.
The building and automotive industries have affected the PVC industry in North America. Plumbing systems, vinyl siding, window profiles, and car interiors all make substantial use of PVC. Furthermore, environmental concerns have prompted an emphasis on recycling and eco-friendly PVC compositions in this region.
The European PVC market has grown steadily, with a focus on sustainability. PVC is still widely used in the building business, where it is used in windows, doors, and flooring. Environmental rules, on the other hand, have compelled the sector to embrace more environmentally friendly practices, such as recycling and phthalate-free PVC formulations.
Polyvinyl Chloride Market Players
Some of the top polyvinyl chloride companies offered in our report includes ChemChina, Finolex Industries Ltd., Formosa Plastics, INOVYN, Mexichem S.A.B. de C.V., Occidental Petroleum Corporation, PolyOne Corporation, SCG Chemicals Co. Ltd., Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd., and Westlake Chemical Corporation.
CHAPTER 1. Industry Overview of Polyvinyl Chloride Market
1.1. Definition and Scope
1.1.1. Definition of Polyvinyl Chloride
1.1.2. Market Segmentation
1.1.3. Years Considered for the Study
1.1.4. Assumptions and Acronyms Used
1.1.4.1. Market Assumptions and Market Forecast
1.1.4.2. Acronyms Used in Global Polyvinyl Chloride Market
1.2. Summary
1.2.1. Executive Summary
1.2.2. Polyvinyl Chloride Market By Type
1.2.3. Polyvinyl Chloride Market By Application
1.2.4. Polyvinyl Chloride Market By End-User
1.2.5. Polyvinyl Chloride Market By Region
CHAPTER 2. Research Approach
2.1. Methodology
2.1.1. Research Programs
2.1.2. Market Size Estimation
2.1.3. Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
2.2. Data Source
2.2.1. Secondary Sources
2.2.2. Primary Sources
CHAPTER 3. Market Dynamics And Competition Analysis
3.1. Market Drivers
3.1.1. Driver 1
3.1.2. Driver 2
3.2. Restraints and Challenges
3.2.1. Restraint 1
3.2.2. Restraint 2
3.3. Growth Opportunities
3.3.1. Opportunity 1
3.3.2. Opportunity 2
3.4. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
3.4.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.4.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.4.3. Threat of Substitute
3.4.4. Threat of New Entrants
3.4.5. Degree of Competition
3.5. Market Concentration Ratio and Market Maturity Analysis of Polyvinyl Chloride Market
3.5.1. Go To Market Strategy
3.5.1.1. Introduction
3.5.1.2. Growth
3.5.1.3. Maturity
3.5.1.4. Saturation
3.5.1.5. Possible Development
3.6. Technological Roadmap for Polyvinyl Chloride Market
3.7. Value Chain Analysis
3.7.1. List of Key Manufacturers
3.7.2. List of Customers
3.7.3. Level of Integration
3.8. Regulatory Compliance
3.9. Competitive Landscape, 2022
3.9.1. Player Positioning Analysis
3.9.2. Key Strategies Adopted By Leading Players
CHAPTER 4. Polyvinyl Chloride Market By Type
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue By Type
4.2.1. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast, By Type, 2020-2032
4.2.2. Flexible
4.2.2.1. Flexible Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
4.2.3. Rigid
4.2.3.1. Rigid Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
4.2.4. Others
4.2.4.1. Others Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
CHAPTER 5. Polyvinyl Chloride Market By Application
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue By Application
5.2.1. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast, By Application, 2020-2032
5.2.2. Pipes and Fittings
5.2.2.1. Pipes and Fittings Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.3. Film and Sheets
5.2.3.1. Film and Sheets Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.4. Wire and Cables
5.2.4.1. Wire and Cables Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.5. Bottles
5.2.5.1. Bottles Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.6. Profiles, Hoses and Tubings
5.2.6.1. Profiles, Hoses and Tubings Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.7. Others
5.2.7.1. Others Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
CHAPTER 6. Polyvinyl Chloride Market By End-User
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue By End-User
6.2.1. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast, By End-User, 2020-2032
6.2.2. Automotive
6.2.2.1. Automotive Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
6.2.3. Building and Construction
6.2.3.1. Building and Construction Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
6.2.4. Electrical and Electronics
6.2.4.1. Electrical and Electronics Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
6.2.5. Packaging
6.2.5.1. Packaging Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
6.2.6. Footwear
6.2.6.1. Footwear Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
6.2.7. Healthcare
6.2.7.1. Healthcare Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
6.2.8. Others
6.2.8.1. Others Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
CHAPTER 7. North America Polyvinyl Chloride Market By Country
7.1. North America Polyvinyl Chloride Market Overview
7.2. U.S.
7.2.1. U.S. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
7.2.2. U.S. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
7.2.3. U.S. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
7.3. Canada
7.3.1. Canada Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
7.3.2. Canada Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
7.3.3. Canada Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
7.4. North America PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 8. Europe Polyvinyl Chloride Market By Country
8.1. Europe Polyvinyl Chloride Market Overview
8.2. U.K.
8.2.1. U.K. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
8.2.2. U.K. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
8.2.3. U.K. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
8.3. Germany
8.3.1. Germany Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
8.3.2. Germany Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
8.3.3. Germany Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
8.4. France
8.4.1. France Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
8.4.2. France Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
8.4.3. France Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
8.5. Spain
8.5.1. Spain Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
8.5.2. Spain Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
8.5.3. Spain Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
8.6. Rest of Europe
8.6.1. Rest of Europe Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
8.6.2. Rest of Europe Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
8.6.3. Rest of Europe Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
8.7. Europe PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 9. Asia Pacific Polyvinyl Chloride Market By Country
9.1. Asia Pacific Polyvinyl Chloride Market Overview
9.2. China
9.2.1. China Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
9.2.2. China Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
9.2.3. China Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
9.3. Japan
9.3.1. Japan Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
9.3.2. Japan Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
9.3.3. Japan Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
9.4. India
9.4.1. India Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
9.4.2. India Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
9.4.3. India Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
9.5. Australia
9.5.1. Australia Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
9.5.2. Australia Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
9.5.3. Australia Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
9.6. South Korea
9.6.1. South Korea Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
9.6.2. South Korea Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
9.6.3. South Korea Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
9.7. Rest of Asia-Pacific
9.7.1. Rest of Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
9.7.2. Rest of Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
9.7.3. Rest of Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
9.8. Asia Pacific PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 10. Latin America Polyvinyl Chloride Market By Country
10.1. Latin America Polyvinyl Chloride Market Overview
10.2. Brazil
10.2.1. Brazil Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
10.2.2. Brazil Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
10.2.3. Brazil Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
10.3. Mexico
10.3.1. Mexico Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
10.3.2. Mexico Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
10.3.3. Mexico Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
10.4. Rest of Latin America
10.4.1. Rest of Latin America Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
10.4.2. Rest of Latin America Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
10.4.3. Rest of Latin America Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
10.5. Latin America PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 11. Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Chloride Market By Country
11.1. Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Chloride Market Overview
11.2. GCC
11.2.1. GCC Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
11.2.2. GCC Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
11.2.3. GCC Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
11.3. South Africa
11.3.1. South Africa Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
11.3.2. South Africa Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
11.3.3. South Africa Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
11.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa
11.4.1. Rest of Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Type, 2020-2032
11.4.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Application, 2020-2032
11.4.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa Polyvinyl Chloride Market Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-User, 2020-2032
11.5. Middle East & Africa PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 12. Player Analysis Of Polyvinyl Chloride Market
12.1. Polyvinyl Chloride Market Company Share Analysis
12.2. Competition Matrix
12.2.1. Competitive Benchmarking of key players by price, presence, market share, and R&D investment
12.2.2. New Product Launches and Product Enhancements
12.2.3. Mergers And Acquisition In Global Polyvinyl Chloride Market
12.2.4. Partnership, Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances/ Sales Agreements
CHAPTER 13. Company Profile
13.1. ChemChina
13.1.1. Company Snapshot
13.1.2. Business Overview
13.1.3. Financial Overview
13.1.3.1. Revenue (USD Million), 2022
13.1.3.2. ChemChina 2022 Polyvinyl Chloride Business Regional Distribution
13.1.4. Product /Type and Specification
13.1.5. Recent Developments & Business Strategy
13.2. Finolex Industries Ltd.
13.3. Formosa Plastics
13.4. INOVYN
13.5. Mexichem S.A.B. de C.V.
13.6. Occidental Petroleum Corporation
13.7. PolyOne Corporation
13.8. SCG Chemicals Co. Ltd.
13.9. Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd.
13.10. Westlake Chemical Corporation